The Influence of Women’s Empowerment on The Preference for Contraceptive Methods in Indonesia: A Multinomial Logistic Regression Modelling
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31965/infokes.Vol22.Iss3.1213Keywords:
Contraceptive Methods, Multinomial Logistic Regression Model, Women EmpowermentAbstract
The concept of women's empowerment encompasses enabling women to take control of their own lives, independently make choices, and fulfill their complete capabilities. Numerous research studies examined the correlation between the empowerment of women and their reproductive health. In Indonesia, female labor force participation is relatively low. As a result, research on the influence of empowering women on contraceptive method preference in Indonesia makes sense. This research aims to find the multinomial logistic regression model in choosing contraceptive methods for married women in Indonesia and to identify the women’s empowerment traits that most impact contraceptive method choice. For this study, the researchers utilized secondary data obtained from the 2017 Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS). The participants consisted of women between the ages of 15 and 49 who were married. The total number of respondents sampled was 49,216. Variables that significantly affect contraceptive method use include the respondent's current employment, the respondent has bank account or other financial institution accounts, the cumulative count of offspring previously born and beating justified if the wife argues with her husband. The analysis is obtained using the multinomial logistic regression test, independency, multicollinearity, and parameter test, and the selection is made by considering either the smallest value of Akaike's information criterion or the option that achieves the highest level of accuracy. Findings highlight four significant variables: Firstly, employed women are more likely to use contraceptives than the unemployed. Secondly, access to banking services correlates with a higher likelihood of contraceptive use. Thirdly, women with more children tend to prefer long-acting reversible contraceptives. Lastly, endorsement of spousal violence justifiability is linked to conventional contraceptive selection. These results emphasize the roles of employment, financial access, family size, and gender-based violence perceptions in shaping contraceptive choices in Indonesia. Model 3 emerges as the most accurate predictor of preferences after eliminating six variables based on rigorous testing and multicollinearity considerations. These findings underscore the importance of addressing economic empowerment and gender-related issues in Indonesian reproductive health programs and policies. Such a comprehensive approach can enhance women's autonomy, enabling them to make crucial life choices and ultimately improving their overall well-being.
Downloads
References
Allendorf, K. (2007). Do Women’s Land Rights Promote Empowerment and Child Health in Nepal? World Development, 35(11), 1975-1988. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2006.12.005
Amo-Adjei, J., Mutua, M., Mukiira, C., Mutombo, N., Athero, S., Ezeh, A., & Izugbara, C. (2019). Fertility intentions and the adoption of long-acting and permanent contraception (LAPM) among women: Evidence from Western Kenya. BMC Women’s Health, 19, 26. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-019-0716-3
Aryanty, R. I., Romadlona, N. A., Besral, B., Panggabean, E. D. P., Utomo, B., Makalew, R., & Magnani, R. J. (2021). Contraceptive use and maternal mortality in Indonesia: a community-level ecological analysis. Reproductive Health, 18, 42. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-020-01022-6
Behrman, J. A. (2017). Women’s land ownership and participation in decision-making about reproductive health in Malawi. Population and Environment, 38, 327–344. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11111-017-0272-4
Cameron, L., Suarez, D. C., & Rowell, W. (2019). Female Labour Force Participation in Indonesia: Why Has it Stalled? Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 55(2), 157-192. https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2018.1530727
Carpita, M., Sandri, M., Simonetto, A., & Zuccolotto, P. (2013). Football Mining with R. In Data Mining Applications with R. 397-433. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-411511-8.00015-3
Credé, S., Hoke, T., Constant, D., Green, M. S., Moodley, J., & Harries, J. (2012). Factors impacting knowledge and use of long acting and permanent contraceptive methods by postpartum HIV positive and negative women in Cape Town, South Africa: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 12,197. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-197
Dommaraju, P., & Tan, J. (2024). Going against global marriage trends: the declining age at first marriage in Indonesia. Asian Population Studies, 20(2), 144-164. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441730.2023.2193488
Draelos, R. (2019). Best Use of Train/Val/Test Splits, with Tips for Medical Data. Glassbox Medicine. Retrieved from: https://glassboxmedicine.com/2019/09/15/best-use-of-train-val-test-splits-with-tips-for-medical-data/
D’Souza, P., Bailey, J. V., Stephenson, J., & Oliver, S. (2022). Factors influencing contraception choice and use globally: a synthesis of systematic reviews. The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care, 27(5), 364-372. https://doi.org/10.1080/13625187.2022.2096215
Efendi, A., & Ramadhan, H. W. (2018). Parameter estimation of multinomial logistic regression model using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO). AIP Conference Proceedings, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5062766
El-Habil, A. M. (2012). An application on multinomial logistic regression model. Pakistan Journal of Statistics and Operation Research, 8(2), 271-291. https://doi.org/10.18187/pjsor.v8i2.234
Erhardt, E. (2013). R lm simultaneous parameter tests. Cross Validated. Cross Validated. Retrieved from: https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/50284/r-lm-simultaneous-parameter-tests
Gaddis, I., Lahoti, R., & Swaminathan, H. (2022). Women's legal rights and gender gaps in property ownership in developing countries. Population and Development Review, 48(2), 331-377. https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.12493
Gammage, S., Joshi, S., & Rodgers, Y. V. D. M. (2020). The intersections of women’s economic and reproductive empowerment. Feminist Economics, 26(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2019.1674451
García-Portugués. (2023). Notes for Predictive Modeling. Retrieved from: https://bookdown.org/chua/ber642_advanced_regression/multinomial-logistic-regression.html
Gayatri, M. (2022). The use of long-acting and permanent contraceptive methods (LAPMs) among women who have completed childbearing in Indonesia: does informed choice matter?. The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care, 27(1), 28-33. https://doi.org/10.1080/13625187.2021.2008347
Gwen. (2015). Type of predictors for logistic regression. Cross Validated. Gwen. Retrieved from: https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/149056/type-of-predictors-for-logistic-regression
Hardiani, H., Hastuti, D., Islakhiyah, I., & Junaidi, J. (2020). Determinants of Long-Acting and Permanent Methods (LAPMS) of contraception use in Jambi Province, Indonesia. Jurnal Perspektif Pembiayaan dan Pembangunan Daerah, 8(4), 353-368. https://doi.org/10.22437/ppd.v8i4.10701
Hashimoto, E. M., Ortega, E. M. M., Cordeiro, G. M., Suzuki, A. K., & Kattan, M. W. (2020). The multinomial logistic regression model for predicting the discharge status after liver transplantation: estimation and diagnostics analysis. Journal of Applied Statistics, 47(12), 2159–2177. https://doi.org/10.1080/02664763.2019.1706725
James, D. (2022). Women Empowerment: A Literature Review. Acta Scientific Women’s Health, 4 (7), 60-64. https://doi.org/10.31080/aswh.2022.04.0377
Khan, M. N., & Islam, M. M. (2018). Women's attitude towards wife-beating and its relationship with reproductive healthcare seeking behavior: A countrywide population survey in Bangladesh. PloS one, 13(6), e0198833. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198833
McHugh, M. L. (2013). The chi-square test of independence. Biochemia medica, 23(2), 143-149. https://doi.org/10.11613/BM.2013.018
Melka, A. S., Tekelab, T., & Wirtu, D. (2015). Determinants of long acting and permanent contraceptive methods utilization among married women of reproductive age groups in western Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study. Pan African Medical Journal, 21,246. https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2015.21.246.5835
Ogunjuyigbe, P. O., Akinlo, A., & Ebigbola, J. A. (2005). Violence against women: an examination of men’s attitudes and perceptions about wife beating and contraceptive use. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 40(3), 219-229. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021909605055070
Orwa, J., Gatimu, S. M., Ngugi, A., Agwanda, A., & Temmerman, M. (2022). Factors associated with use of long-acting reversible and permanent contraceptives among married women in rural Kenya: A community-based cross-sectional study in Kisii and Kilifi counties. PloS one, 17(10), e0275575. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0275575
Page, N., & Czuba, C. E. (1999). Empowerment: What is it. Journal of extension, 37(5), 1-5.
Pazol, K., Zapata, L. B., Tregear, S. J., Mautone-Smith, N., & Gavin, L. E. (2015). Impact of contraceptive education on contraceptive knowledge and decision making: a systematic review. American journal of preventive medicine, 49(2), S46-S56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015.03.031
Penn State. (2023). Analysis of Discrete Data. Penn State.
Roy, P., & Patro, B. (2022). Financial inclusion of women and gender gap in access to finance: A systematic literature review. Vision, 26(3), 282-299. https://doi.org/10.1177/09722629221104205
Scribbr. (2022). Chi-Square Goodness of Fit Test | Formula, Guide & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved from: https://www.scribbr.com/statistics/chi-square-goodness-of-fit/
Tan, K., & Bellec, P. C. (2023). Multinomial logistic regression: Asymptotic normality on null covariates in high-dimensions. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 36. Retrieved from: https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper_files/paper/2023/hash/e0ac27bf3327c9cb99cc5f548db4f73a-Abstract-Conference.html
The World Bank. (2021). Contraceptive prevalence, any method (% of married women ages 15-49) - Indonesia. The World Bank. Retrieved from: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.CONU.ZS?locations=ID
The World Bank. (2023). The World Bank’s Gender Data Portal. The World Bank. Retrieved from: https://genderdata.worldbank.org/
Tibaijuka, L., Odongo, R., Welikhe, E., Mukisa, W., Kugonza, L., Busingye, I., ... & Bajunirwe, F. (2017). Factors influencing use of long-acting versus short-acting contraceptive methods among reproductive-age women in a resource-limited setting. BMC women's health, 17, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-017-0382-2
Ugaz, J., Banke, K., Rahaim, S., Chowdhury, W., & Williams, J. (2016). Private providers' knowledge, attitudes and misconceptions related to long-acting and permanent contraceptive methods: a case study in Bangladesh. Contraception, 94(5), 505-511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2016.06.004
UNFPA. (2000). Women’s empowerment and reproductive health: Links throughout the life cycle. UNFPA. Retrieved from: https://www.unfpa.org/publications/womens-empowerment-and-reproductive-health
United Nations. (2022). Goal 5: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls. United Nations. Retrieved from: https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/gender-equality/
Upadhyay, U. D., Gipson, J. D., Withers, M., Lewis, S., Ciaraldi, E. J., Fraser, A., ... & Prata, N. (2014). Women's empowerment and fertility: a review of the literature. Social science & medicine, 115, 111-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.06.014
USAID. (2017). Indonesia: Standard DHS, 2017. USAID. Retrieved from: https://dhsprogram.com/methodology/survey/survey-display-522.cfm
Vizheh, M., Muhidin, S., Behboodi Moghadam, Z., & Zareiyan, A. (2021). Women empowerment in reproductive health: a systematic review of measurement properties. BMC Women's Health, 21, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-021-01566-0
Westoff. (2001). Mass media and reproductive behavior in Africa. Demographic and Health Surveys Analytical Reports No. 2. Calverton, Maryland: ORC Macro. Retrieved from: https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/AR2/AR2.pdf
Women, U. (2022). Progress on the Sustainable Development Goals: The gender snapshot 2022. https://www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2022/09/progress-on-the-sustainable-development-goals-the-gender-snapshot-2022
World Health Organization. (2021). The future we expect: women’s health and gender equality. World Health Organization. Retrieved from: https://www.who.int/news/item/28-06-2021-the-future-we-expect-women-s-health-and-gender-equality
Zaidi, T. (2022). Working women are more likely to use modern contraception, shows NFHS-5 findings. Retrieved from: https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/story/working-women-are-more-likely-to-use-modern-contraception-shows-nfhs-5-findings-332650-2022-05-06
Zhu, Y., & Fang, J. (2016). Logistic regression–based trichotomous classification tree and its application in medical diagnosis. Medical Decision Making, 36(8), 973-989. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272989X1561865
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 JURNAL INFO KESEHATAN
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Copyright notice
Ownership of copyright
The copyright in this website and the material on this website (including without limitation the text, computer code, artwork, photographs, images, music, audio material, video material and audio-visual material on this website) is owned by JURNAL INFO KESEHATAN and its licensors.
Copyright license
JURNAL INFO KESEHATAN grants to you a worldwide non-exclusive royalty-free revocable license to:
- view this website and the material on this website on a computer or mobile device via a web browser;
- copy and store this website and the material on this website in your web browser cache memory; and
- print pages from this website for your use.
- All articles published by JURNAL INFO KESEHATAN are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. This permits anyone to copy, redistribute, remix, transmit and adapt the work provided the original work and source is appropriately cited.
JURNAL INFO KESEHATAN does not grant you any other rights in relation to this website or the material on this website. In other words, all other rights are reserved.
For the avoidance of doubt, you must not adapt, edit, change, transform, publish, republish, distribute, redistribute, broadcast, rebroadcast or show or play in public this website or the material on this website (in any form or media) without appropriately and conspicuously citing the original work and source or JURNAL INFO KESEHATAN prior written permission.
Permissions
You may request permission to use the copyright materials on this website by writing to jurnalinfokesehatan@gmail.com.
Enforcement of copyright
JURNAL INFO KESEHATAN takes the protection of its copyright very seriously.
If JURNAL INFO KESEHATAN discovers that you have used its copyright materials in contravention of the license above, JURNAL INFO KESEHATAN may bring legal proceedings against you seeking monetary damages and an injunction to stop you using those materials. You could also be ordered to pay legal costs.
If you become aware of any use of JURNAL INFO KESEHATAN copyright materials that contravenes or may contravene the license above, please report this by email to jurnalinfokesehatan@gmail.com
Infringing material
If you become aware of any material on the website that you believe infringes your or any other person's copyright, please report this by email to jurnalinfokesehatan@gmail.com.
