Prenatal Covid-19 on Toddler Development
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31965/infokes.Vol21.Iss2.1176Keywords:
Covid-19, SARS-CoV-2, Prenatal, Toddler DevelopmentAbstract
Along with the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been an increase in reports of confirmed cases of pregnant women with COVID-19. Exposure to the virus in pregnancy can affect the fetus and result in long-term vulnerability to abnormalities in the child's brain development. This study aimed to determine the impact of prenatal Covid-19 on the development of toddlers. The research method uses observational cross-sectional analysis. Secondary data on confirmed Covid-19 mothers were obtained from Prof. RD Kandou General Hospital, Wolter Monginsidi Hospital, and Manado Adventist Hospital. Primary data on toddler development using the KPSP Development Questionnaire instrument were obtained from 10 Community Health Centers in Manado City with a total of 92 respondents for two, 46 respondents were born to mothers with Covid-19 during the prenatal period and 46 toddlers were born to mothers who were not confirmed to have Covid-19 during the prenatal period. The results showed that there was no significant effect with a p-value of 0.562 for toddlers born to Covid-19 mothers on impaired gross motor, fine motor, socialization, and independence, speech, and language development. Based on the results of the study it can be concluded that both toddlers born to Covid-19 mothers and toddlers who were not born to Covid-19 mothers are at risk of experiencing growth disturbances, especially toddlers born during the Covid-19 pandemic because there could be long-term effects that could occur in infants who are exposed to the virus during the prenatal/intrauterine period.
Downloads
References
Ahmad, S. N., Sameen, D., Dar, M. A., Jallu, R., Shora, T. N., & Dhingra, M. (2022). Do SARS-CoV-2-Infected Pregnant Women Have Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes as Compared to Non-Infected Pregnant Women? International Journal of Women's Health
, 14, 1201–1210. https://doi.org/10.2147/ijwh.s375739
Ayed, M., Embaireeg, A., Kartam, M., More, K., Alqallaf, M., AlNafisi, A., ... & Alkandari,
H. (2022). Neurodevelopmental outcomes of infants born to mothers with SARS-CoV-2 infections during pregnancy: a national prospective study in Kuwait. BMC pediatrics, 22(1), 319. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-022-03359-2
Badr, D. A., Picone, O., Bevilacqua, E., Carlin, A., Meli, F., Sibiude, J., ... & Vivanti, A. J. (2021). Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and pregnancy outcomes according to gestational age at the time of infection. Emerging Infectious Diseases , 27 (10), 2535–2543. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2710.211394
Cheng, Y., Teng, H., Xiao, Y., Yao, M., Yin, J., & Sun, G. (2021). Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Infection During Pregnancy on Infant Neurobehavioral Development: A Case-Control Study. Frontiers in Pediatrics, 9 (December), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2021.762684
Curcio, A. M., Shekhawat, P., Reynolds, A. S., & Thakur, K. T. (2020). Neurologic infections during pregnancy. Handbook of clinical neurology, 172, 79–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-64240-0.00005-2
Deoni, SC, Beauchemin, J., Volpe, A., Dâ Sa, V., & RESONANCE Consortium. (2021). Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Early Child Cognitive Development: Initial Findings in a Longitudinal Observational Study of Child Health. MedRxiv : The Preprint Server for Health Sciences . https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.08.10.21261846
Dyer, O. (2021). Covid-19: Children born during the pandemic score lower on cognitive tests, study finds. BMJ, 374 , n2031. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n2031
Goh, X. L., Low, Y. F., Ng, C. H., Amin, Z., & Ng, Y. P. M. (2021). Incidence of SARS-CoV-
vertical transmission: a meta-analysis. Archives of Disease in Childhood-Fetal and Neonatal Edition, 106(1), 112-113. https://doi.org/doi:10.1136/fetalneonatal-2020-
Hamidi, O. P., Lijewski, V., Sheeder, J., Powell, K., Dolph, E., Quayson, D., & Reeves, S. (2022). Adverse perinatal outcomes in pregnancies affected by severe COVID-19 infection. AJOG Global Reports, 2(4), 100118.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xagr.2022.100118
Huang, P., Zhou, F., Guo, Y., Yuan, S., Lin, S., Lu, J., ... & Qiu, X. (2021). Association between the COVID-19 pandemic and infant neurodevelopment: a comparison before and during COVID-19. Frontiers in pediatrics, 9, 662165.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2021.662165
Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2022). COVID-19 . Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Retrieved from https://infinemerging.kemkes.go.id/
Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2022). Pembaruan Epidemiologi Mingguan COVID-19 Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia.
Metz, T. D., Clifton, R. G., Hughes, B. L., Sandoval, G. J., Grobman, W. A., Saade, G. R., ...
& Archer, S. W. (2022). Association of SARS-CoV-2 infection with serious maternal morbidity and mortality from obstetric complications. Jama, 327(8), 748-759.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2022.1190
Miguel, P. M., Pereira, L. O., Silveira, P. P., & Meaney, M. J. (2019). Early environmental influences on the development of children's brain structure and function. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 61(10), 1127-1133. https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.14182
Naidu, S. A., Clemens, R. A., Pressman, P., Zaigham, M., Kadkhoda, K., Davies, K. J., & Naidu, A. S. (2022). COVID-19 during Pregnancy and Postpartum: I) Pathobiology of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) at maternal-fetal interface. Journal of dietary supplements, 19(1), 115-142.
https://doi.org/10.1080/19390211.2020.1834049
Papadopoulos, A., Nichols, E. S., Mohsenzadeh, Y., Giroux, I., Mottola, M. F., Van Lieshout,
R. J., & Duerden, E. G. (2022). Prenatal and postpartum maternal mental health and neonatal motor outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports, 10, 100387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadr.2022.100387
Pinheiro, G. S. M. A., de Souza, R. C., de Oliveira Azevedo, V. M. G., Guimarães, N. S., Pires,
L. G., Lemos, S. M. A., & Alves, C. R. L. (2023). Effects of intrauterine exposure to SARS-CoV-2 on infants’ development: a rapid review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Pediatrics, 182(5), 2041-2055. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-023-04910-8
Provenzi, L., Mambretti, F., Villa, M., Grumi, S., Citterio, A., Bertazzoli, E., & Borgatti, R.
(2021). Hidden pandemic: COVID-19-related stress, SLC6A4 methylation, and infants’ temperament at 3 months. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 15658.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-95053-z
Rashighi, M., Agarwal, P., Richmond, J. M., Harris, T. H., Dresser, K., Su, M. W., Zhou, Y., Deng, A., Hunter, C. A., Luster, A. D., & Harris, J. E. (2014). CXCL10 is critical for the progression and maintenance of depigmentation in a mouse model of vitiligo. Science translational medicine, 6(223), 223ra23. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.3007811
Shah, A. V., Howell, H. B., Kazmi, S. H., Zaccario, M., Sklamberg, F. E., Groth, T., &
Verma, S. (2023). Developmental screening of full-term infants at 16 to 18 months of age after in-utero exposure to maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection. Journal of Perinatology, 43(5), 659-663. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41372-023-01642-3
Shook, L. L., Sullivan, E. L., Lo, J. O., Perlis, R. H., & Edlow, A. G. (2022). COVID-19 in pregnancy: implications for fetal brain development. Trends in molecular medicine, 28(4), 319-330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molmed.2022.02.004
Shuffrey, L. C., Firestein, M. R., Kyle, M. H., Fields, A., Alcántara, C., Amso, D., &
Dumitriu, D. (2022). Association of birth during the COVID-19 pandemic with neurodevelopmental status at 6 months in infants with and without in utero exposure to maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection. JAMA pediatrics, 176(6), e215563-e215563.
https://doi.org/doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.5563
Soetjiningsih, S., & Gde Ranuh, IG. N. (2022). Tumbuh Kembang Anak Edisi 2. Jakarta: EGC University of Oxford. (2022). Our World in Data . Oxford Martin School, Oxford University.
Vazquez, S. V., Carrasco, I., Perez, A. P., Hernanz-Lobo, A., Manzanarez, Á., Márquez, E., ... & Navarro, M. L. (2021). Microbiological features and follow-up of neonates born to mothers with covid-19. Topics in Antiviral Medicine, 29(1),237.
Wang, X., Chen, X., & Zhang, K. (2022). Maternal infection with COVID-19 and increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes: a meta-analysis. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 35(25), 9368-9375.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2022.2033722
Wei, S. Q., Bilodeau-Bertrand, M., Liu, S., & Auger, N. (2021). Increased pregnancy problems with COVID-19–meta-analysis and letter to editor–April 2021. CMAJ, 193(16), E540- E548. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.202604
Wang, Y., Chen, L., Wu, T., Shi, H., Li, Q., Jiang, H., & Qiao, J. (2020). Impact of Covid-
in pregnancy on mother’s psychological status and infant’s neurobehavioral development: a longitudinal cohort study in China. BMC medicine, 18, 347.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-020-01825-1
Wu, T., Chen, L., Wang, Y., Shi, H., Niu, J., Yin, X., & Qiao, J. (2021). Effects of SARS-
CoV-2 infection during late pregnancy on early childhood development: A prospective cohort study. Frontiers in pediatrics, 9, 750012.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2021.750012
Zambrano, L. D., Ellington, S., Strid, P., Galang, R. R., Oduyebo, T., Tong, V. T., & Zapata,
L. (2020). Update: characteristics of symptomatic women of reproductive age with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection by pregnancy status—United States, January 22–October 3, 2020. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69(44), 1641– 1647. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6944e3
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 JURNAL INFO KESEHATAN
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Copyright notice
Ownership of copyright
The copyright in this website and the material on this website (including without limitation the text, computer code, artwork, photographs, images, music, audio material, video material and audio-visual material on this website) is owned by JURNAL INFO KESEHATAN and its licensors.
Copyright license
JURNAL INFO KESEHATAN grants to you a worldwide non-exclusive royalty-free revocable license to:
- view this website and the material on this website on a computer or mobile device via a web browser;
- copy and store this website and the material on this website in your web browser cache memory; and
- print pages from this website for your use.
- All articles published by JURNAL INFO KESEHATAN are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. This permits anyone to copy, redistribute, remix, transmit and adapt the work provided the original work and source is appropriately cited.
JURNAL INFO KESEHATAN does not grant you any other rights in relation to this website or the material on this website. In other words, all other rights are reserved.
For the avoidance of doubt, you must not adapt, edit, change, transform, publish, republish, distribute, redistribute, broadcast, rebroadcast or show or play in public this website or the material on this website (in any form or media) without appropriately and conspicuously citing the original work and source or JURNAL INFO KESEHATAN prior written permission.
Permissions
You may request permission to use the copyright materials on this website by writing to jurnalinfokesehatan@gmail.com.
Enforcement of copyright
JURNAL INFO KESEHATAN takes the protection of its copyright very seriously.
If JURNAL INFO KESEHATAN discovers that you have used its copyright materials in contravention of the license above, JURNAL INFO KESEHATAN may bring legal proceedings against you seeking monetary damages and an injunction to stop you using those materials. You could also be ordered to pay legal costs.
If you become aware of any use of JURNAL INFO KESEHATAN copyright materials that contravenes or may contravene the license above, please report this by email to jurnalinfokesehatan@gmail.com
Infringing material
If you become aware of any material on the website that you believe infringes your or any other person's copyright, please report this by email to jurnalinfokesehatan@gmail.com.
